MEP28: Remove Complexity from Axes.boxplot

Status

Discussion

Branches and Pull requests

The following lists any open PRs or branches related to this MEP:

1. Deprecate redundant statistical kwargs in Axes.boxplot: https://github.com/phobson/matplotlib/tree/MEP28-initial-deprecations
2. Deprecate redundant style options in Axes.boxplot: https://github.com/phobson/matplotlib/tree/MEP28-initial-deprecations
3. Deprecate passings 2D numpy arrays as input: None
4. Add pre- & post-processing options to cbook.boxplot_stats: https://github.com/phobson/matplotlib/tree/boxplot-stat-transforms
5. Exposing cbook.boxplot_stats through Axes.boxplot kwargs: None
6. Remove redundant statistical kwargs in Axes.boxplot: None
7. Remove redundant style options in Axes.boxplot: None
8. Remaining items that arise through discussion: None

Abstract

Over the past few releases, the Axes.boxplot method has grown in complexity to support fully customizable artist styling and statistical computation. This lead to Axes.boxplot being split off into multiple parts. The statistics needed to draw a boxplot are computed in cbook.boxplot_stats, while the actual artists are drawn by Axes.bxp. The original method, Axes.boxplot remains as the most public API that handles passing the user-supplied data to cbook.boxplot_stats, feeding the results to Axes.bxp, and pre-processing style information for each facet of the boxplot plots.

This MEP will outline a path forward to rollback the added complexity and simplify the API while maintaining reasonable backwards compatibility.

Detailed description

Currently, the Axes.boxplot method accepts parameters that allow the users to specify medians and confidence intervals for each box that will be drawn in the plot. These were provided so that avdanced users could provide statistics computed in a different fashion that the simple method provided by matplotlib. However, handling this input requires complex logic to make sure that the forms of the data structure match what needs to be drawn. At the moment, that logic contains 9 separate if/else statements nested up to 5 levels deep with a for loop, and may raise up to 2 errors. These parameters were added prior to the creation of the Axes.bxp method, which draws boxplots from a list of dictionaries containing the relevant statistics. Matplotlib also provides a function that computes these statistics via cbook.boxplot_stats. Note that advanced users can now either a) write their own function to compute the stats required by Axes.bxp, or b) modify the output returned by cbook.boxplots_stats to fully customize the position of the artists of the plots. With this flexibility, the parameters to manually specify only the medians and their confidences intervals remain for backwards compatibility.

Around the same time that the two roles of Axes.boxplot were split into cbook.boxplot_stats for computation and Axes.bxp for drawing, both Axes.boxplot and Axes.bxp were written to accept parameters that individually toggle the drawing of all components of the boxplots, and parameters that individually configure the style of those artists. However, to maintain backwards compatibility, the sym parameter (previously used to specify the symbol of the fliers) was retained. This parameter itself requires fairly complex logic to reconcile the sym parameters with the newer flierprops parameter at the default style specified by matplotlibrc.

This MEP seeks to dramatically simplify the creation of boxplots for novice and advanced users alike. Importantly, the changes proposed here will also be available to downstream packages like seaborn, as seaborn smartly allows users to pass arbitrary dictionaries of parameters through the seaborn API to the underlying matplotlib functions.

This will be achieved in the following way:

1. cbook.boxplot_stats will be modified to allow pre- and post- computation transformation functions to be passed in (e.g., np.log and np.exp for lognormally distributed data)
2. Axes.boxplot will be modified to also accept and naïvely pass them to cbook.boxplots_stats (Alt: pass the stat function and a dict of its optional parameters).
3. Outdated parameters from Axes.boxplot will be deprecated and later removed.

Importance

Since the limits of the whiskers are computed arithmetically, there is an implicit assumption of normality in box and whisker plots. This primarily affects which data points are classified as outliers.

Allowing transformations to the data and the results used to draw boxplots will allow users to opt-out of that assumption if the data are known to not fit a normal distribution.

Below is an example of how Axes.boxplot classifies outliers of lognormal data differently depending one these types of transforms.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cbook
np.random.seed(0)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4, 6))
ax.set_yscale('log')
data = np.random.lognormal(-1.75, 2.75, size=37)

stats = cbook.boxplot_stats(data, labels=['arithmetic'])
logstats = cbook.boxplot_stats(np.log(data), labels=['log-transformed'])

for lsdict in logstats:
    for key, value in lsdict.items():
        if key != 'label':
            lsdict[key] = np.exp(value)

stats.extend(logstats)
ax.bxp(stats)
fig.show()

(Source code, png, pdf)

Implementation

Passing transform functions to cbook.boxplots_stats

This MEP proposes that two parameters (e.g., transform_in and transform_out be added to the cookbook function that computes the statistics for the boxplot function. These will be optional keyword-only arguments and can easily be set to lambda x: x as a no-op when omitted by the user. The transform_in function will be applied to the data as the boxplot_stats function loops through each subset of the data passed to it. After the list of statistics dictionaries are computed the transform_out function is applied to each value in the dictionaries.

These transformations can then be added to the call signature of Axes.boxplot with little impact to that method’s complexity. This is because they can be directly passed to cbook.boxplot_stats. Alternatively, Axes.boxplot could be modified to accept an optional statistical function kwarg and a dictionary of parameters to be direcly passed to it.

At this point in the implementation users and external libraries like seaborn would have complete control via the Axes.boxplot method. More importantly, at the very least, seaborn would require no changes to its API to allow users to take advantage of these new options.

Simplifications to the Axes.boxplot API and other functions

Simplifying the boxplot method consists primarily of deprecating and then removing the redundant parameters. Optionally, a next step would include rectifying minor terminological inconsistencies between Axes.boxplot and Axes.bxp.

The parameters to be deprecated and removed include:

1. usermedians - processed by 10 SLOC, 3 if blocks, a for loop
2. conf_intervals - handled by 15 SLOC, 6 if blocks, a for loop
3. sym - processed by 12 SLOC, 4 if blocks

Removing the sym option allows all code in handling the remaining styling parameters to be moved to Axes.bxp. This doesn’t remove any complexity, but does reinforce the single responsibility principle among Axes.bxp, cbook.boxplot_stats, and Axes.boxplot.

Additionally, the notch parameter could be renamed shownotches to be consistent with Axes.bxp. This kind of cleanup could be taken a step further and the whis, bootstrap, autorange could be rolled into the kwargs passed to the new statfxn parameter.

Backward compatibility

Implementation of this MEP would eventually result in the backwards incompatible deprecation and then removal of the keyword parameters usermedians, conf_intervals, and sym. Cursory searches on GitHub indicated that usermedians, conf_intervals are used by few users, who all seem to have a very strong knowledge of matplotlib. A robust deprecation cycle should provide sufficient time for these users to migrate to a new API.

Deprecation of sym however, may have a much broader reach into the matplotlib userbase.

Schedule

An accelerated timeline could look like the following:

1. v2.0.1 add transforms to cbook.boxplots_stats, expose in Axes.boxplot

2. v2.1.0 Initial Deprecations , and using 2D numpy arrays as input

   1. Using 2D numpy arrays as input. The semantics around 2D arrays are generally confusing.
   2. usermedians, conf_intervals, sym parameters

3. v2.2.0

   1. remove usermedians, conf_intervals, sym parameters
   2. deprecate notch in favor of shownotches to be consistent with other parameters and Axes.bxp

4. v2.3.0

   1. remove notch parameter
   2. move all style and artist toggling logic to Axes.bxp such Axes.boxplot is little more than a broker between Axes.bxp and cbook.boxplots_stats

Anticipated Impacts to Users

As described above deprecating usermedians and conf_intervals will likely impact few users. Those who will be impacted are almost certainly advanced users who will be able to adapt to the change.

Deprecating the sym option may import more users and effort should be taken to collect community feedback on this.

Anticipated Impacts to Downstream Libraries

The source code (GitHub master as of 2016-10-17) was inspected for seaborn and python-ggplot to see if these changes would impact their use. None of the parameters nominated for removal in this MEP are used by seaborn. The seaborn APIs that use matplotlib’s boxplot function allow user’s to pass arbitrary **kwargs through to matplotlib’s API. Thus seaborn users with modern matplotlib installations will be able to take full advantage of any new features added as a result of this MEP.

Python-ggplot has implemented its own function to draw boxplots. Therefore, no impact can come to it as a result of implementing this MEP.

Alternatives

Variations on the theme

This MEP can be divided into a few loosely coupled components:

1. Allowing pre- and post-computation transformation function in cbook.boxplot_stats
2. Exposing that transformation in the Axes.boxplot API
3. Removing redundant statistical options in Axes.boxplot
4. Shifting all styling parameter processing from Axes.boxplot to Axes.bxp.

With this approach, #2 depends and #1, and #4 depends on #3.

There are two possible approaches to #2. The first and most direct would be to mirror the new transform_in and tranform_out parameters of cbook.boxplot_stats in Axes.boxplot and pass them directly.

The second approach would be to add statfxn and statfxn_args parameters to Axes.boxplot. Under this implementation, the default value of statfxn would be cbook.boxplot_stats, but users could pass their own function. Then transform_in and tranform_out would then be passed as elements of the statfxn_args parameter.

def boxplot_stats(data, ..., transform_in=None, transform_out=None):
    if transform_in is None:
        transform_in = lambda x: x

    if transform_out is None:
        transform_out = lambda x: x

    output = []
    for _d in data:
        d = transform_in(_d)
        stat_dict = do_stats(d)
        for key, value in stat_dict.item():
            if key != 'label':
                stat_dict[key] = transform_out(value)
        output.append(d)
    return output


 class Axes(...):
     def boxplot_option1(data, ..., transform_in=None, transform_out=None):
         stats = cbook.boxplot_stats(data, ...,
                                     transform_in=transform_in,
                                     transform_out=transform_out)
         return self.bxp(stats, ...)

     def boxplot_option2(data, ..., statfxn=None, **statopts):
         if statfxn is None:
             statfxn = boxplot_stats
         stats = statfxn(data, **statopts)
         return self.bxp(stats, ...)

Both cases would allow users to do the following:

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
artists1 = ax1.boxplot_optionX(data, transform_in=np.log,
                               transform_out=np.exp)

But Option Two lets a user write a completely custom stat function (e.g., my_box_stats) with fancy BCA confidence intervals and the whiskers set differently depending on some attribute of the data.

This is available under the current API:

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
my_stats = my_box_stats(data, bootstrap_method='BCA',
                        whisker_method='dynamic')
ax1.bxp(my_stats)

And would be more concise with Option Two

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
statopts = dict(transform_in=np.log, transform_out=np.exp)
ax.boxplot(data, ..., **statopts)

Users could also pass their own function to compute the stats:

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.boxplot(data, statfxn=my_box_stats, bootstrap_method='BCA',
            whisker_method='dynamic')

From the examples above, Option Two seems to have only marginal benefit, but in the context of downstream libraries like seaborn, its advantage is more apparent as the following would be possible without any patches to seaborn:

import seaborn
tips = seaborn.load_data('tips')
g = seaborn.factorplot(x="day", y="total_bill", hue="sex", data=tips,
                       kind='box', palette="PRGn", shownotches=True,
                       statfxn=my_box_stats, bootstrap_method='BCA',
                       whisker_method='dynamic')

This type of flexibility was the intention behind splitting the overall boxplot API in the current three functions. In practice however, downstream libraries like seaborn support versions of matplotlib dating back well before the split. Thus, adding just a bit more flexibility to the Axes.boxplot could expose all the functionality to users of the downstream libraries with modern matplotlib installation without intervention from the downstream library maintainers.

Doing less

Another obvious alternative would be to omit the added pre- and post- computation transform functionality in cbook.boxplot_stats and Axes.boxplot, and simply remove the redundant statistical and style parameters as described above.

Doing nothing

As with many things in life, doing nothing is an option here. This means we simply advocate for users and downstream libraries to take advantage of the split between cbook.boxplot_stats and Axes.bxp and let them decide how to provide an interface to that.